Wetlands are unique ecosystems where water covers the soil or remains near the surface throughout the year or during specific periods, such as the growing season. This constant water presence, known as hydrology, shapes soil formation and determines which plant and animal species can thrive there. These areas act as important transition zones between land and aquatic environments, supporting rich biodiversity.
Hydrophytes — plants specially adapted to saturated soils — and hydric soils are key indicators of such ecosystems. Thanks to these conditions, they provide habitat for both aquatic and terrestrial species, making them some of the most productive environments on Earth.
Key Functions and Ecosystem Services of Wetlands
Wetlands deliver essential environmental, economic, and climate-regulating benefits. Their physical, chemical, and biological components (soil, water, vegetation, wildlife) interact to support a wide range of ecosystem services:
- Water retention — Wetlands store excess water, acting as natural sponges during heavy rainfall.
- Flood protection and storm buffering — They reduce the impact of storms and help mitigate flooding by slowing and absorbing water flow.
- Erosion control and bank stabilization — Root systems of wetland plants help stabilize shorelines and riverbanks.
- Groundwater recharge — Wetlands allow water to infiltrate into underground aquifers, supporting long-term water supply.
- Groundwater release — They contribute water back into streams and surface water bodies during dry periods.
- Natural water purification — Wetlands filter pollutants, improving surface and groundwater quality.
- Nutrient retention — Excess nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus are trapped and transformed, helping prevent harmful algal blooms.
- Sediment trapping — They catch soil particles carried by runoff, preventing sediment pollution.
- Pollutant capture — Wetlands absorb and break down contaminants, contributing to a healthier ecosystem.
- Local climate regulation — They help stabilize microclimates, influencing temperature and enhancing rainfall patterns.